Ferns are lovely, graceful plants that can add texture and interest to indoor and outdoor spaces. With over 10,000 species worldwide, ferns come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and colors. When choosing a fern, it’s important to consider factors like your climate, desired growing location, light conditions, and maintenance needs. Some ferns thrive indoors, while others require outdoor growing spaces.
This article will overview popular types of ferns for indoor growing, as well as hardy outdoor ferns suitable for landscapes and gardens. Discover which fern varieties work best in pots, hanging baskets, under trees, and in rock gardens. Learn proper watering, fertilizing, light and soil requirements for healthiest fern growth.
What Do You Need to Know About Fern before Planting?
Ferns are lush, graceful plants that add beauty and texture to indoor and outdoor spaces. Before bringing one of these delicate wonders into your home or garden, it’s important to understand some key care tips.
Ferns are ancient plants that have been around for over 300 million years. They reproduce by shedding spores rather than seeds and have a unique life cycle. There are thousands of fern species thriving in temperate forests and tropical jungles worldwide.
When it comes to lighting, most ferns prefer bright filtered sunlight indoors near a window and dappled shade outside. Direct hot sunlight will damage their sensitive fronds, so aim for gentler illumination. Proper watering is also key — ferns like consistently moist soil and high humidity. Allow the top inch of soil to dry between waterings and mist the fronds daily to replicate a tropical climate.
A rich, organic potting mix with added peat moss gives ferns the blend of drainage and moisture retention they require. Outdoors, loose, fertile soil high in organic matter allows ferns to spread their roots. Providing the right amounts of diluted liquid fertilizer can encourage lush growth, but isn’t a must with healthy soil.
Temperature-wise, warm conditions between 60-80°F suit most ferns best. Avoid drafty areas. Humidity is paramount for healthy ferns, so group plants together, use pebble trays, and mist frequently to keep the moisture level high around the foliage.
How to Choose Fern for your Garden?
When selecting a fern for your outdoor garden, there are several important factors to consider for finding the right variety:
- Light conditions. Most ferns grow best in part to full shade, avoiding hot direct sunlight. Look for varieties suitable for the light exposure in your garden, whether it’s deep shade under trees, dappled sunlight in a woodland setting, or bright indirect light in an open bed. Choose shade-loving species like Autumn fern or Holly fern for heavily shaded sites.
- Climate and hardiness. Make sure to select a fern adapted to your USDA plant hardiness zone that can withstand winter lows in your area. Tropical and subtropical ferns will need protection. Research zone ranges and temperatures ferns can tolerate before purchasing. Cold-hardy varieties like Christmas fern and Japanese fern handle cold better.
- Mature size. Ferns come in a wide range of dimensions at maturity, from tiny 3-inch plants to giant 7-foot varieties. Pick a fern appropriate for available garden space that won’t outgrow the area. Measure future spread too for proper spacing and plan for growth over multiple seasons.
- Growth habit. There are upright ferns, spreading ferns, trailing ferns and more. Select a growth habit that suits your needs, whether you want a tall vertical accent or trailing ground cover. Again, factor in mature size with growth form to ensure the fern fits the location as desired.
- Soil conditions. Most ferns thrive in loose, organic matter-rich soil that retains moisture but drains well. Clay soils should be amended with compost or peat moss to improve texture, while sandy soils may need added topsoil for water retention. Target a rich, humusy soil. Species like Wood fern, Lady fern, and Royal fern especially appreciate consistent moisture and nutrient-rich soil.
- Native habitat. Consider ferns native to your region, as these are adapted to local conditions like rainfall, humidity, and seasonal shifts. For example, Western Sword fern is native to the Pacific Northwest. Choosing native plants provides ecological benefits too by supporting pollinators and wildlife that rely on them. Do research to find ferns endemic to your area.
- Foliage features. Ferns offer diverse forms, from fine, delicate fronds to bold ruffled foliage. Examples include Lacy Maidenhair fern, Frilly Cinnamon fern, and robust, vase-shaped Ostrich fern. Select for desired textures and looks you want to add in your garden. Visit local nurseries to see varieties in person and make the best choice.
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How to Know What Type of Fern Is Growing in My Garden?
When a delicate fern frond unfurls in your garden, it can be tricky to identify exactly which species it is. Ferns have some unique features to examine that can help pinpoint the variety.
First, look closely at the shape and division of the fronds. Some ferns have lacy, finely divided leaves, like the Maidenhair fern. Others have broad undivided fronds like the Sword fern. Frond shapes can range from narrow and triangular to oval, heart-shaped, or vase-like. Comparing the frond appearance to pictures in plant guides can help match an unknown specimen.
Examine the fern’s growing habits — does it grow upright, creeping along the ground, or clumping? Growth habit can indicate differences between erect Ostrich ferns, low creeping Lady ferns, and mound-forming Christmas ferns. Also inspect the size and height of a fern reaches when mature. Large 3-foot tall ferns are obviously different from petite 6-inch varieties.
Look underneath the fern frond as well. Some species have tiny brown spore cases dotting their undersides, which aid identification. The location of sporangia (spore containers) varies among fern types, too. Consider where the fern is growing in your garden. Does it thrive in bright shade or deep woodland-like shade? Wet soil or dry? Observing habitat can rule out moisture and light-loving choices.
Research what ferns are native to your region, as endemic species are adapted to local conditions. For example, Western Sword ferns in the Northwest or Cinnamon ferns in the East. Familiarize yourself with botanical names, descriptions, and images to recognize varieties.
Apps, guides, and taking samples to experts can supplement your observations. With some dedication, the unknown ferns in your garden will reveal themselves to you. Then you can give them proper care and enjoy these graceful additions.
Fern Types for Growing Indoor
Ferns are a great addition to indoor plant collections, providing graceful, delicate textures. With proper care, many fern varieties thrive indoors. Consider these popular choices that do well in home environments:
- Boston Ferns. Boston ferns are a classic indoor variety, featuring long arching green fronds. They grow in a spreading habit and can reach up to 3 feet long when mature. Boston ferns require bright indirect light and high humidity. Keep their soil consistently moist but not soggy for healthiest growth.
- Holly Ferns. Holly ferns have leathery, glossy fronds shaped like holly leaves. Their fronds are divided into leaflets, and leaf shapes can vary from oval to spade-like. Holly ferns thrive in indoor settings with medium to bright indirect light. Water these ferns frequently to maintain moist soil, allowing the top inch to dry between waterings.
- Maidenhair Ferns. Delicate maidenhair ferns have lacy fan-shaped fronds on wiry black stems. Their fine texture adds grace and airiness to indoor displays. Maidenhair ferns grow best in medium to bright indirect light conditions. Keep their soil moist through frequent watering and high humidity.
- Rabbit’s Foot Fern. Rabbit’s foot ferns have interesting furry rhizomes that creep along the soil resembling animal feet. Their arching green fronds grow 12–18 inches tall in a vase shape. Moderate indirect light and consistently moist soil encourage growth. Mist rabbit’s foot ferns often to boost humidity around their foliage.
- Silver Lace Fern. Silver lace ferns have airy, finely divided fronds with a silver overlay. They spread in a low, creeping manner, perfect for hanging baskets. Medium indirect light allows silver lace ferns to thrive indoors. Maintain evenly moist soil and high humidity for these beauties.
- Alpine Wood Fern. Alpine wood ferns stay compact, with delicate triangular fronds emerging from a central rosette. Their max height reaches 5–6 inches, ideal for terrariums and small planters. Avoid direct sunlight and keep their soil moderately moist for healthy growth.
- Hay-Scented Fern. Named for their hay-like aroma when crushed, these ferns have arching soft light green fronds. Hay-scented ferns spread outward and reach 12–15 inches in height. Bright indirect light keeps them thriving in indoor conditions. Allow their soil to partly dry before watering.
- Staghorn Ferns. Staghorn ferns are epiphytic with shield-shaped fuzzy fronds attached to antler-like bases. They grow 18-24 inches tall mounted on boards or hanging in baskets with indirect sunlight. Mist staghorn ferns frequently and allow the bases to partially dry out between soakings.
Fern Types for Growing Outdoor
Ferns bring beauty and lushness to outdoor garden environments. Many varieties thrive planted in landscapes and garden beds. Consider these ideal outdoor ferns:
- Ostrich Ferns. Ostrich ferns are a dramatic landscape choice, with vase-shaped fronds up to 5 feet tall. Their bold ruffled plumes add texture and volume to shady gardens. Ostrich ferns spread vigorously by underground stems and require ample space. Provide rich soil and regular water to keep ostrich ferns thriving.
- Japanese Painted Ferns. Japanese painted ferns showcase fronds painted with silver, purple, and red highlights. The colors intensify in cooler weather on these 12-18 inch plants. Japanese painted ferns thrive in part to full shade with moist, rich soil. Use them as striking specimens or mass plantings.
- Australian Tree Fern. Giant Australian tree ferns have huge lacy fronds on tall trunks, growing up to 25 feet outside. These tropical-looking beauties need warm zones or winter protection. Give them a partly shady site with deep regular watering and rich soil.
- Asparagus Ferns. Despite their name, asparagus ferns are not true ferns, but are instead in the asparagus family. They have tiny needle-like leaves on branching stems. Asparagus ferns prefer full sun and spread quickly as ground covers.
- Bird’s Nest Ferns. Bird’s nest ferns have leathery fronds emerging from a central rosette up to 3 feet wide. Their coarse texture contrasts nicely with delicate ferns in the landscape. Situate bird’s nest ferns in dappled sunlight and irrigate regularly.
- Royal Fern. Royal ferns have large, wide triangular fronds growing 2–3 feet tall in clumps. The blue-green color of royal ferns pairs nicely with hostas and astilbes. Plant them in consistently moist, acidic soil.
- Lady Ferns. Delicate lady ferns have lacy light green fronds on plants reaching 18 inches tall. Lady ferns easily spread to form luscious colonies in shaded woodland settings. Keep their soil moist with natural leaf mulch.
- Cinnamon Ferns. Cinnamon ferns are named for their spore’s cinnamon color. They reach 3 feet tall and spread readily in moist areas. The right conditions produce their gorgeous yellow autumn fronds.
- Holly Fern. Holly ferns have leathery, glossy fronds resembling holly leaves. They add texture, growing 1–2 feet tall as specimens or mass plantings. Holly ferns thrive outdoors with shade and abundant moisture.
- Water Fern. As their name implies, water ferns thrive along pond edges and water features. Floating on the water’s surface, they reach 6–12 inches high. Ensure water ferns receive at least 4 hours of sun daily and provide rich soil below.
Growing Fern in Your Garden
Growing lush ferns in your outdoor garden can add beauty, texture, and natural appeal. With proper siting and care, ferns can thrive and spread to create stunning displays.
When choosing a spot for ferns, focus on their preferences for shade, moisture, and soil conditions. Most ferns flourish in dappled or part shade exposures, avoiding hot direct sunlight on their delicate fronds. Ensure the planting area has rich organic matter worked into the soil to retain moisture and nutrients. Amend clay or sandy soils as needed.
Space ferns appropriately for their expected mature spread. For mass plantings, set ferns 1–2 feet apart to allow room to fill in overtime. Water ferns thoroughly after planting and mist foliage to boost humidity. Mulch around fern plantings to maintain soil moisture and control weeds.
Ideal garden conditions for ferns include consistent moisture, high humidity, and lightly filtered sunlight. Established ferns are fairly low maintenance but benefit from occasional fertilizing in spring with diluted balanced organic fertilizer. Remove faded fronds regularly to keep plants looking fresh.
Take care not to overwater ferns and allow good drainage to prevent soggy soil. Monitor for pests like scale, mites, or aphids and treat promptly if found. Protect tropical ferns or cold-sensitive varieties in zones less than 5b during winters.
With proper siting, soil prep, watering, and general care, ferns can add their graceful forms to your gardens. Let these ancient plants thrive and spread naturally to create stunning effects with their diverse foliage.
Common Problems with Ferns
Ferns are beautiful, graceful plants that can thrive indoors with proper care. However, they are susceptible to a few key problems. Being aware of these common fern issues can help ensure your plants stay healthy:
- Ferns prefer moist soil, but not soggy soil. When overwatered, the fern’s roots can rot, leading to leaf yellowing and plant decline. Allow the top inch of soil to dry between waterings and ensure the pot has drainage holes. Reduce watering frequency if soil remains soggy.
- Ferns require moist soil, so allowing pots to completely dry out can severely stress them. Underwatered ferns will have leaves that turn brown, shrivel up and die. Check soil moisture regularly by feeling the top few inches, and water thoroughly when the top inch becomes dry. Ferns may require daily misting in very dry environments.
- Low humidity. Ferns naturally grow in tropical environments with high humidity. In dry indoor conditions, their foliage can dry out and turn brown on the edges. Group plants together, use pebble trays, purchase a humidifier, or mist plants daily to increase moisture in the air. Move plants away from heating/cooling vents, which can dry the air.
- Sun exposure. Most ferns grow best in bright, indirect light. Too much direct sun will burn and yellow the leaves. Move plants back from bright windows or use sheer curtains to filter intense light. Some varieties tolerate more sun than others, so check proper lighting conditions per fern species.
- Nutrient deficiencies. Ferns require soil with nutrients to remain healthy. Fertilize ferns monthly in spring and summer with balanced fertilizer diluted to half strength. If new growth emerges pale or twisted, the fern likely needs more fertilization.
- Insect pests. Ferns can be prone to infestations of bugs like spider mites, scale and mealybugs which leave small spots, bumps or webbing on the plants. Regularly inspect for pests, isolate infested plants and use insecticidal soap or neem oil treatments. Be sure to reach the undersides of leaves where pests hide.
- Spore shedding. While not problematic, if brown spots appear on fern leaves, this can be normal spore production and dispersal. Simply trim off the older, spotted fronds to keep your fern looking tidy. The young foliage will remain healthy.
- Frost damage. If ferns are exposed to frost or freezing temperatures even briefly, their foliage can turn black and collapse. Protect ferns by moving pots inside well before first frost. Select cold-hardy varieties if you want ferns to remain outdoors during winter months.
Companion Plants to Grow with Ferns
Ferns feature delicately graceful fronds that look beautiful mixed with flowers, foliage and other plants. Choosing the right companions to grow with your ferns creates lovely combinations. The following plants thrive in similar conditions as ferns and complement them beautifully:
- The bold leaves of hostas pair nicely with the delicate feathers of ferns. They require similar growing conditions of rich soil and partial shade. Plant hostas around the base of ferns to create attractive combinations. Varieties like Blue Cadet or Stained Glass complement most fern types.
- Also called coral bells, heucheras thrive in shade and appreciate the humidity created by nearby ferns. Their colorful leaves contrast well with emerald green ferns. Shorter varieties can be planted under tall ferns, while larger heucheras grow beside them. Choose evergreen types for winter interest.
- With feathery, fern-like foliage and colorful summer plumes, astilbes make excellent fern companions. They flourish in the same environment of damp soil and dappled sun. Group shorter varieties like Sprite around a large fern’s base and use taller types like Delft Lace behind them.
- These flowering shrubs thrive in humidity, acid soil, bright shade and woodland settings — ideal fern habitat. Plant winter-blooming camellia varieties near ferns to enjoy beautiful contrast between rich green foliage and rose-like blossoms. They mix nicely with Japanese painted ferns.
- The flashy foliage of caladiums pair nicely to showcase the green plumage of ferns. Caladium leaves often emerge pink, red or white before darkening to emerald tones. Underplant ferns with caladium bulbs for summer excitement before the caladiums fade in fall.
- Azaleas & Rhododendrons. These flowering shrubs enjoy the same growing conditions as ferns. Plant them as a border behind ferns to allow both foliage and flowers to make an impact. The flowers will pop against the fern backdrop. Choose compact azalea varieties.
- For bright color under shade trees and among ferns, impatiens provide a lot of bang for your buck. They thrive in humidity and shady settings. Choose varieties like Sun Patiens and New Guinea impatiens, which tolerate more sun alongside ferns.
FAQ
How to identify Boston ferns?
Boston ferns can be identified by their gracefully arching fronds that originate from a central crown and can reach up to 3 feet long. The fronds are delicate and lacy, typically divided into smaller leaflets. Boston ferns grow in a spreading manner along the ground. Their fronds are bright green, and some varieties may have a hint of silver variegation. Boston ferns thrive indoors in hanging baskets or pots.
What is the most common fern variety?
The most common and widespread fern variety is the bracken fern. Bracken ferns grow worldwide and can thrive in diverse environments from woodlands to meadows. They have large triangular fronds and reproduce quickly through underground stems. Bracken ferns are very resilient plants.
What does «Fern sp.» signify?
The label «Fern sp.» is used to indicate that a fern belongs to the genus Fern, but the exact species is unknown or undetermined. It signifies an unidentified fern species awaiting further classification and naming by botanists.
Do ferns require frequent watering?
Most ferns require frequent watering and consistently moist soil to thrive. Their delicate fronds and shallow roots demand adequate moisture. Allow ferns to partly dry out only in the top inch of soil before watering thoroughly again. Mist ferns often to boost humidity around their foliage.
What is the recommended spacing for planting ferns?
When planting ferns en masse, space them about 1–2 feet apart to allow room for growth and spreading over time. Give larger ferns 2-3 feet spacing. Check expected mature spread for each variety.
How many fern and tree species exist in the USA?
There are approximately 300 native fern species and over 600 tree species naturally found in the forests, woodlands and swamps of the United States. The biodiversity of American plant life includes a wealth of fern and tree varieties across the country.
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